X was converted to a

the bathroom had been converted/turned into a dark room

I v/t convert (zu to; jemanden s.o); jemanden zu einer anderen Meinung bekehren bring s.o. round to a different view; weitS. (Sünder, Abtrünnigen etc.) reclaim; er lässt sich nicht bekehren zu einer anderen Meinung: he won’t be persuaded

II v/refl become converted; sich zu etw. bekehren auch become a convert to s.th.; sich zum Katholizismus etc. bekehren auch turn Catholic etc., become a Catholic etc.

* * *

to convert; to proselytize

* * *

1. vt

2. vr

* * *

* * *

I. vt

▪ jdn [zu etw dat] \bekehren to convert [or proselytize liter] sb [to sth]

II. vr

▪ sich akk [zu etw dat] \bekehren to be[come] converted [to sth]

* * *

transitives Verb convert (zu to)

reflexives Verb become converted (zu to)

* * *

A. v/t convert (

zu to;

jemanden s.o);

jemanden zu einer anderen Meinung bekehren bring sb round to a different view; weitS. (Sünder, Abtrünnigen etc) reclaim;

er lässt sich nicht bekehren zu einer anderen Meinung: he won’t be persuaded

B. v/r become converted;

sich zu etwas bekehren auch become a convert to sth;

sich zum Katholizismus etc

bekehren auch turn Catholic etc, become a Catholic etc

* * *

transitives Verb convert (zu to)

reflexives Verb become converted (zu to)

* * *

to convert to v.

to proselytise (UK) v.

to proselytize (US) v.

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Hall was a practical man with no theoretical background: his active years were spent at Bloomfield Ironworks, Tipton, Staffordshire. Around 1816 he began experimenting in the production of wrought iron. At that time, blast-furnace or cast iron was converted to wrought iron by the dry puddling process invented by Henry Cort in 1784. In this process, the iron was decarburized (i.e. had its carbon removed) by heating it in a current of air in a furnace with a sand bed. Some of the iron combined with the silica in the sand to form a slag, however, so that no less than 2 tons of cast iron were needed to produce 1 ton of wrought. Hall found that if bosh cinder was charged into the furnace, a vigorous reaction occurred in which the cast iron was converted much more quickly than before, to produce better quality wrought iron, a ton of which could be formed by no more than 21 cwt (1,067 kg) of cast iron. Because of the boiling action, the process came to be known as pig boiling. Bosh cinder, essentially iron oxide, was formed in the water troughs or boshes in which workers cooled their tools used in puddling and reacted with the carbon in the cast iron. The advantages of pig boiling over dry puddling were striking enough for the process to be widely used by the late 1820s. By mid-century it was virtually the only process used for producing wrought iron, an essential material for mechanical and civil engineering during the Industrial Revolution. Hall reckoned that if he had patented his invention he would have "made a million". As luck would have it, the process that he did patent in 1838 left his finances unchanged: this was for the roasting of cinder for use as the base of the puddling furnace, providing better protection than the bosh cinder for the iron plates that formed the base.

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1 gallery.

2 gallery, balcony.

3 gallery, showroom, exhibition chamber.

* * *

► nombre femenino

1 (gen) gallery

2 (corredor descubierto) balcony, verandah

3 TEATRO gallery, balcony

4 (para cortinas) pelmet, US cornice

\

hacer algo de cara a la galería to play to the gallery

hacer algo para la galería to play to the gallery

galería comercial / galerías comerciales shopping centre sing

* * *

* * *

1) (=espacio) [interior, en mina] gallery; [exterior] balcony

2) * (=público) audience

- hacer algo para o de cara a la galería

3) [para cortinas] pelmet, cornice (EEUU)

4) And, Caribe store

* * *

a) ( interior) corridor; ( exterior) gallery

b) (Teatr) gallery

- galería comercial

- galería de arte

* * *

= balcony, gallery, loft, gallery, arcade, atrium [atria, -pl.].

Nota: Usado en arquitectura.

Ex. She put the dishes in the sink, locked the balcony door, found her purse, and sallied forth.

Ex. Theirs is a large establishment with nearly three hectares of galleries.

Ex. The library was subsequently housed for some years in a local school until, in 1983, the loft of the village hall was converted for library use = Posteriormente, la biblioteca se albergó durante algunos años en una escuela local hasta que, en 1983, la galería del centro social se transformó para uso de la biblioteca.

Ex. A gallery is a room or building devoted to the exhibition of works of art.

Ex. Another feature is an arcade running along 2 sides which the library will use for a gallery, information area, newspaper room and meeting rooms.

Ex. The extension was designed to blend with the original listed building and the two have been linked by a glass atrium giving access to the whole library.

----

* actuar de cara a la galería = play to + the gallery.

* galería comercial = shopping arcade, walking arcade.

* galería con claraboyas = clerestory.

* galería de arte = art gallery.

* galería de personajes famosos = hall of fame.

* galería de tiendas = mall of shops, mall.

* galería de tiro = gun range, shooting range.

* hacer Algo de cara a la galería = play to + the gallery.

* hacer Algo para la galería = play to + the gallery.

* * *

a) ( interior) corridor; ( exterior) gallery

b) (Teatr) gallery

- galería comercial

- galería de arte

* * *

= balcony, gallery, loft, gallery, arcade, atrium [atria, -pl.].

Nota: Usado en arquitectura.

* * *

1 (interior) corridor; (exterior) gallery, balcony; (en una mina) gallery

2 ( Teatr) gallery

la acusó de hacer el discurso cara a la galería he accused her of playing to the gallery with her speech

3 (para cortinas) cornice ( AmE), pelmet ( BrE)

shopping mall ( AmE), shopping arcade ( BrE)

indoor food market

art gallery

organ gallery o loft

portrait gallery

* * *

a) ( interior) corridor;

b) (Teatr) gallery

◊ galería comercial shopping mall (AmE), shopping arcade (BrE);

* * *

galería nf

1. [pasillo, en mina] gallery;

2. [establecimiento] gallery

galería comercial shopping arcade;

galería de tiro shooting gallery [for target practice]

3. [para cortinas] curtain rail

4. [vulgo] masses;

hacer algo para la galería to play to the gallery

* * *

f gallery;

para la galería, de cara a la galería fig for o

to the gallery

* * *

galería nf

1) : gallery, balcony (in a theater)

galería comercial: shopping mall

2) : corridor, passage

* * *

galería n

1. (en general) gallery [pl. galleries]

2. (balcón) balcony [pl. balconies]

v/t also information technology convert

* * *

convertire v.tr.

1 (pol., relig.) to convert: lo convertirono al socialismo, they converted him to socialism; convertire i pagani al cristianesimo, to convert the heathen to Christianity

2 ( mutare, trasformare) to convert, to turn, to change: convertire l'acqua in vapore, to turn water into steam

3 (econ., comm.) to convert, to realize: convertire in contanti, to encash; convertire euro in dollari, to convert euros into dollars; convertire titoli in denaro contante, to realize securities, to redeem stocks; convertire un prestito, to convert (o refund) a loan; convertire la cartamoneta in oro, to convert paper money into gold; convertire in liquidità, to liquidate; (Borsa) convertire le azioni, to convert shares

4 (inform.) to convert

5 (letter.) ( volgere) to turn: convertire gli occhi, to turn one's eyes.

◘ convertirsi v.rifl. (pol., relig.) to be converted: si convertì al Cristianesimo, he was converted to Christianity

◆ v.intr.pron. ( mutarsi, trasformarsi) to be converted, to turn, to change: i bruchi si convertono in farfalle, caterpillars change into butterflies.

* * *

1. vt

(gen) Inform to convert

2. vr (convertirsi)

3. vip (convertirsi)

* * *

verbo transitivo

1) (far cambiare idea) to convert (a to) (anche relig.)

2) (trasformare) to convert (in into)

3) econ. to convert [valuta, debito] (in into)

4) mat. inform. to convert [frazioni, testo] (in into)

verbo pronominale convertirsi [ persona] to convert, to become* a convert, to undergo* a conversion; [ industria] to change line of products

* * *

convertire

/konver'tire/ [108]

I verbo transitivo

 1 (far cambiare idea) to convert (a to) (anche relig.)

 2 (trasformare) to convert (in into); convertire l'acqua in vapore to turn water into steam

 3 econ. to convert [valuta, debito] (in into)

 4 mat. inform. to convert [frazioni, testo] (in into)

II convertirsi verbo pronominale

 [ persona] to convert, to become* a convert, to undergo* a conversion; [ industria] to change line of products; - rsi all'Islam to convert to Islam, to turn Muslim.

1 attic, loft.

2 hillock (cerro) (peninsular Spanish).

3 storage cupboard.

4 hill, hillock.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 (encima de un armario) top cupboard; (desván) attic

2 GEOGRAFÍA hillock

* * *

1) (Geog) small hill, hillock

2) LAm (=desván) attic

3) (=entreplanta) mezzanine

* * *

masculino ( desván) attic; ( en habitación) (sleeping) loft

* * *

= loft.

Ex. The library was subsequently housed for some years in a local school until, in 1983, the loft of the village hall was converted for library use = Posteriormente, la biblioteca se albergó durante algunos años en una escuela local hasta que, en 1983, la galería del centro social se transformó para uso de la biblioteca.

* * *

masculino ( desván) attic; ( en habitación) (sleeping) loft

* * *

* * *

1 (desván) attic

2 (en una habitación) (sleeping) loft

B ( Esp) (armario) storage cupboard ( over a built-in closet)

* * *

* * *

altillo nm

1. [desván] attic, loft

2. Esp [armario] = small storage cupboard above head height, usually above another cupboard

3. [cerro] hillock

* * *

1 ( desván) attic

2 en armario top (part) of the closet

1 attic.

2 dormer (window) (ventana).

* * *

► nombre femenino

1→ link=buharda buharda

* * *

* * *

a) ( desván) attic

b) ( apartamento) attic apartment (AmE) o (BrE) room

c) ( ventana) dormer window

* * *

= garret, loft, dormer window, dormer.

Ex. The stereotypical writer, for example, needs only a cold garret, some paper, and ink to produce a masterpiece.

Ex. The library was subsequently housed for some years in a local school until, in 1983, the loft of the village hall was converted for library use = Posteriormente, la biblioteca se albergó durante algunos años en una escuela local hasta que, en 1983, la galería del centro social se transformó para uso de la biblioteca.

Ex. According to the new design, the roof will have gable ends as opposed to being hipped with dormer windows.

Ex. As with the previous design there will be front dormers and balconies at first floor level.

* * *

a) ( desván) attic

b) ( apartamento) attic apartment (AmE) o (BrE) room

c) ( ventana) dormer window

* * *

* * *

1 (desván) attic

2 (apartamento) attic apartment ( AmE) o ( BrE) flat

3 (ventana) dormer window

* * *

a) ( desván) attic

b) ( apartamento) attic apartment (AmE) o (BrE) room

c) ( ventana) dormer window

* * *

buhardilla, bo(h)ardilla nf

1. [habitación] attic

2. [ventana] dormer (window)

* * *

f attic, Br tb

loft

* * *

buhardilla nf

1) ático, desván: attic

2) : dormer window

* * *

buhardilla n attic

community center.

* * *

(n.) = village hall

Ex. The library was subsequently housed for some years in a local school until, in 1983, the loft of the village hall was converted for library use = Posteriormente, la biblioteca se albergó durante algunos años en una escuela local hasta que, en 1983, la galería del centro social se transformó para uso de la biblioteca.

* * *

community center.

* * *

(n.) = community centre, village hall, social centre, drop-in centre, community hall

Ex. These displays are circulated round libraries, advice centres, community centres, etc.

Ex. The library was subsequently housed for some years in a local school until, in 1983, the loft of the village hall was converted for library use = Posteriormente, la biblioteca se albergó durante algunos años en una escuela local hasta que, en 1983, la galería del centro social se transformó para uso de la biblioteca.

Ex. Public libraries and university libraries alike are frequently used as lounges and social centers rather than as information services.

Ex. There is a drop-in centre with a fully equipped sound recording studio and video editing suite offering guitar tuition and rehearsal space to local teenagers without charge.

Ex. Public facilities are grouped according to major domain areas such as recreation and leisure (art museum, zoo, swimming pool, movie theatres, and skating rink); community (grocery store, bus depot, community hall); etc.

* * *

SUBJECT AREA: Domestic appliances and interiors, Metallurgy

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Boulsover, originally a small-scale manufacturer of cutlery, is believed to have specialized in making knife-handle components. About 1742 he found that a thin sheet of silver could be fused to copper sheet by rolling or beating to flatten it. Thus he developed the plating of silver, later called Sheffield plate.

The method when perfected consisted of copper sheet overlaid by thin sheet silver being annealed by red heat. Protected by iron sheeting, the copper and silver were rolled together, becoming fused to a single plate capable of undergoing further manufacturing processes. Later developments included methods of edging the fused sheets and the placing of silver sheet on both lower and upper surfaces of copper, to produce high-quality silver plate, in much demand by the latter part of the century. Boulsover himself is said to have produced only small articles such as buttons and snuff boxes from this material, which by 1758 was being exploited more commercially by Joseph Hancock in Sheffield making candlesticks, hot-water pots and coffee pots. Matthew Boulton introduced its manufacture in very high-quality products during the 1760s to Birmingham, where the technique was widely adopted later. By the 1770s Boulsover was engaged in rolling his plated copper for industry elsewhere, also trading in iron and purchasing blister steel which he converted by the Huntsman process to crucible steel. Blister steel was converted on his behalf to shear steel by forging. He is thought to have also been responsible for improving this product further, introducing "double-shear steel", by repeating the forging and faggoting of shear steel bars. Thomas Boulsover had become a Sheffield entrepreneur, well known for his numerous skills with metals.

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1. verb

1) to change from one thing into another:

2) to change from one religion etc to another:

2. [ˈkɔnvəːt] noun

SUBJECT AREA: Canals, Civil engineering

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Born of impecunious parents, Vauban joined Condé's regiment as a cadet in 1651, at the age of 17, although he had apparently acquired some knowledge of mathematics and fortifications in the Carmelite College of Semur-en-Auxois. In the war of the Fronde he was captured by the Royal troops in 1653 and was converted to the king's service. He was soon recognized as having engineering ability and was given the task of repairing the fortifications of Sainte-Menehould. During the next few years he was engaged on fortification repairs and assisting at sieges, including Ypres, Gravelines and Oudenarde in 1658. Vauban found favour with the king, Louis XIV, and was responsible for the fortifications of Lille, which had been captured in 1667; he commenced the defensive structures of the citadel and the town in 1668. These were completed in 1674 and consisted of a vast pentagonal fort with bastions and further detached works surrounded by water defences. In 1692 he was present at the siege of Namur and was responsible for its capture. He was then put in charge of re-establishing and improving the defences. He next developed a line of fortresses along the French border. He later was abandoned by the king, whom he had served so well, and, with his advice being ignored by the French forces, they suffered defeat after defeat in Marlborough's wars.

Meanwhile he had been called in to inspect the recently completed Canal du Midi and subsequently made recommendations for its improvement. These included the extension of the Montagne Noire feeder, and the construction of the Cesse and Orbiel aqueducts which were carried out to his design and under his supervision in 1686–7. In 1700 he was consulted on and produced a plan for a canal across France from north to south, providing a barge waterway from Nîmes to Dunkirk, but this was not carried out.

In 1703 he was created maréchal de France, and two years later he devised vast schemes for the development of the canal system in Flanders. Owing to determined opposition from the local people, these schemes were abandoned and not revived until 1770, by which time the locals were prepared to accept them.

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Πέτρος, ου, ὁ (ὁ πέτρος=‘stone’ Hom.+; Jos., Bell. 3, 240, Ant. 7, 142.—Π. as a name can scarcely be pre-Christian, as AMerx, D. vier kanon. Ev. II/1, 1902, 160ff, referring to Jos., Ant. 18, 156 [Niese did not accept the v.l. Πέτρος for Πρῶτος], would have it. But s. ADell [πέτρα 1b] esp. 14–17. Fr. the beginning it was prob. thought of as the Gk. equivalent of the Aram. כֵּיפָא= Κηφᾶς: J 1:42; cp. Mt 16:18 and JWackernagel, Syntax II² 1928, 14f, perh. formed on the analogy of the Gk. male proper name Πέτρων: UPZ 149, 8 [III B.C.]; 135 [78 B.C.]; Plut., Mor. 422d.—A gentile named Πέτρος in Damasc., Vi. Isid. 170. S. also the Praeses Arabiae of 278/79 A.D. Aurelius P.: Publ. Princeton Univ. Arch. Expedition to Syria III A, 1913, 4 no. 546) Peter, surname of the head of the circle of Twelve Disciples, whose name was orig. Simon. His father was a certain John (s. Ἰωάννης 4) or Jonah (s. Ἰωνᾶς 2). Acc. to J 1:44 he himself was from Bethsaida, but, at any rate, when he met Jesus he lived in Capernaum (Mk 1:21, 29). Fr. that city he and his brother Andrew made their living as fishers (Mk 1:16). He was married (Mk 1:30; cp. 1 Cor 9:5), but left his home and occupation, when Jesus called, to follow him (Mk 1:18; 10:28). He belonged to the three or four most intimate of the Master’s companions (Mk 5:37; 9:2; 13:3; 14:33). He stands at the head of the lists of the apostles (Mt 10:2; Mk 3:16; Lk 6:14; Ac 1:13). Not all the problems connected w. the conferring of the name Cephas-Peter upon Simon (s. Σίμων 1) have yet been solved (the giving of a new name and the reason for it: Plato [s. ὀνομάζω 1] and Theophrastus [Vi. Platonis 2 ln. 21 in Biog. p. 388 W.= Prolegom. 1 in CHermann, Pla. VI 196 Θεόφραστος, Τύρταμος καλούμενος πάλαι, διὰ τὸ θεῖον τῆς φράσεως Θ. μετεκλήθη]; CRoth, Simon-Peter HTR 54, ’61, 91–97). He was at least not always a model of rock-like (πέτρος is a symbol of imperturbability Soph., Oed. Rex 334; Eur., Med. 28 al.) firmness (note Gethsemane, the denial, the unsuccessful attempt at walking on water; his conduct at Antioch Gal 2:11ff which, though, is fr. time to time referred to another Cephas; s. KLake, HTR 14, 1921, 95ff; AVöllmecke, Jahrbuch d. Missionshauses St. Gabriel 2, 1925, 69–104; 3, 1926, 31–75; DRiddle, JBL 59, ’40, 169–80; NHuffman, ibid. 64, ’45, 205f; PGaechter, ZKT 72, ’50, 177–212; but s. HBetz, Gal [Hermeneia] p. 105f w. n. 442). Despite all this he was the leader of Jesus’ disciples, was spokesman for the Twelve (e.g. Mt 18:21; 19:27; Mk 8:27ff; Lk 12:41; 18:28) and for the three who were closest to Jesus (Mk 9:5); he was recognized as leader even by those on the outside (Mt 17:24). He is especially prominent in the pronouncement made Mt 16:18. Only in the Fourth Gospel does Peter have a place less prominent than another, in this case the ‘disciple whom Jesus loved’ (s. Hdb. exc. on J 13:23). In connection w. the miraculous events after Jesus’ death (on this ELohmeyer, Galiläa u. Jerusalem ’36; WMichaelis, D. Erscheinungen d. Auferstanden-en ’44; MWerner, D. ntl. Berichte üb. d. Erscheinungen d. Auferstandenen: Schweiz. Theol. Umschau ’44) Pt. played a unique role: 1 Cor 15:5; Lk 24:34; Mk 16:7. He was one of the pillars of the early church (Gal 2:9 [Κηφᾶς]). Three years after Paul was converted, on his first journey to Jerusalem as a Christian, he established a significant contact w. Peter: Gal 1:18. At least until the time described in Gal 2:1–10 (cp. Ac 15:7) he was prob. the head of the early Christian community/church. He was also active as a missionary to Israel Gal 2:8; cp. 1 Cor 9:5 (Κηφᾶς).—MGoguel, L’apôtre Pierre a-t-il joué un role personnel dans les crises de Grèce et de Galatie?: RHPR 14, ’34, 461–500.—In 1 Pt 1:1 and 2 Pt 1:1 he appears as author of an epistle. On Paul’s journey to Rome: Ἀρτέμων ὁ κυβερνήτης τοῦ πλοίου ἦν λελουμένος ὑπὸ Πέτρου Artemon, the ship’s captain, was baptized by Peter AcPl Ha 7, 20. It is probable that he died at Rome under Nero, about 64 A.D..—In the NT he is somet. called Σίμων (q.v. 1; in Ac 15:14 and 2 Pt 1:1 more exactly Συμεών=שִׁמְעוֹן); except for Gal 2:7f Paul always calls him Κηφᾶς (q.v.). Both names Σίμων Π. Mt 16:16; Lk 5:8; J 1:40; 6:8, 68; 13:6, 9, 24, 36; 18:10, 15, 25; 20:2, 6; 21:2f, 7b, 11, 15. Σίμων ὁ λεγόμενος Π. Mt 4:18; 10:2. Σίμων ὁ ἐπικαλούμενος Π. Ac 10:18; 11:13. Σίμων ὸ̔ς ἐπικαλεῖται Π. 10:5, 32.—Outside the NT it is found in our lit. GEb 34, 59; GPt 14:60 (Σίμων Πέτρος); ApcPt Rainer; GMary 463 (2 times); AcPt Ox 849 (4 times); 1 Cl 5:4 (Paul follows in 5:5); 2 Cl 5:3f (a piece fr. an apocr. gosp.); IRo 4:3 (Πέτρος καὶ Παῦλος); ISm 3:2=GHb 356, 39; Papias (2:4, w. other disciples; 15, w. Mark as his ἑρμηνευτής).—Zahn, Einl. II §38–44; KErbes, Petrus nicht in Rom, sondern in Jerusalem gestorben: ZKG 22, 1901, 1ff; 161ff (against him AKneller, ZKT 26, 1902, 33ff; 225ff; 351ff); PSchmiedel, War der Ap. Petrus in Rom?: PM 13, 1909, 59–81; HLietzmann, Petrus u. Pls in Rom² 1927; GEsser, Der hl. Ap. Petrus 1902; CGuignebert, La primauté de St. Pierre et la venue de Pierre à Rome 1909; FFoakes-Jackson, Peter, Prince of Apostles 1927; HDannenbauer, D. röm. Pt-Legende: Hist. Ztschr. 146, ’32, 239–62; 159, ’38, 81–88; KHeussi, War Pt. in Rom? ’36, War Pt. wirklich röm. Märtyrer? ’37, Neues z. Pt.-frage ’39, TLZ 77, ’52, 67–72; HLietzmann, Pt. röm. Märt.: SBBerlAk ’36, XXIX; DRobinson, JBL 64, ’45, 255–67; HSchmutz, Pt. war dennoch in Rom: Benedikt. Monatsschr. 22, ’46, 128–41.—On Mt 16:17–19 s., in addition to the lit. on κλείς 1 and πέτρα 1b: JSchnitzer, Hat Jesus das Papsttum gestiftet? 1910, Das Papsttum eine Stiftung Jesu? 1910; FTillmann, Jesus u. das Papsttum 1910; AKneller, ZKT 44, 1920, 147–69; OLinton, D. Problem der Urkirche ’32, 157–83; KPieper, Jes. u. d. Kirche ’32; AEhrhard, Urkirche u. Frühkatholizismus I 1, ’36.—JMunck, Pt. u. Pls in der Offenb. Joh. ’50 (Rv 11:3–13).—OCullmann, Petrus², ’60 (Eng. tr. Peter, FFilson², ’62), L’apôtre Pierre: NT Essays (TManson memorial vol.), ’59, 94–105; OKarrer, Peter and the Church: an examination of the Cullmann thesis, ’63; RO’Callaghan, Vatican Excavations and the Tomb of Peter: BA 16, ’53, 70–87; AvGerkan, D. Forschung nach dem Grab Petri, ZNW 44, ’52/53, 196–205, Zu den Problemen des Petrusgrabes: JAC ’58, 79–93; GSnyder, BA 32, ’69, 2–24; JGwynGriffiths, Hibbert Journal 55, ’56/57, 140–49; TBarnes, JTS 21, ’70, 175–79; GSchulze-Kadelbach, D. Stellung des P. in der Urchristenheit: TLZ 81, ’56, 1–18 (lit.); PGaechter, Petrus u. seine Zeit, ’58; EKirschbaum, The Tombs of St. Peter and St. Paul (transl. JMurray) ’59; EHaenchen, Petrus-Probleme, NTS 7, ’60/61, 187–97; SAgourides, Πέτρος καὶ Ἰωάννης ἐν τῷ τετάρτῳ Εὐαγγελίῳ, Thessalonike, ’66; DGewalt, Petrus, diss. Hdlbg, ’66; RBrown, KDonfried, JReumann edd., Peter in the NT, ’73; CCaragounis, Peter and the Rock (BZNW 58) ’89.—Pauly-W. XIX ’38, 1335–61; Kl. Pauly IV 674–76; BHHW III 1430f. LGPN I. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

reduce (a to)

prezzi, sprechi reduce, cut

personale reduce, cut back

ridurre al silenzio reduce to silence

information technology ridurre a icona minimize

* * *

ridurre v.tr.

1 to reduce, to cut* (down); to curtail; to shorten: ridurre il personale, to cut (down) (o to reduce) the staff; ridurre il prezzo di un articolo, to reduce (o to lower o to bring down) the price of an article; ridurre le spese, lo stipendio, to reduce expenses, wages; ridurre una vacanza, to curtail (o to cut short) a holiday; ridurre la velocità, to reduce speed; (econ.) ridurre il capitale, to reduce capital; ridurre il tasso di sconto, to reduce the discount rate; stiamo cercando di ridurre i tempi, we are trying to shorten (o cut) the time // ridurre un'opera letteraria, to abridge a literary work // (mar.) ridurre la velatura, to shorten (o to take in) sail

2 ( convertire) to convert, to reduce, to change; ( far diventare) to turn into: ogni volta che vengono gli amici mi riducono la casa un porcile, every time my friends come they turn the house into a pigsty; l'hotel Cavour è stato ridotto in appartamenti l'anno scorso, last year the Hotel Cavour was converted into flats // prima riduci quei dati in metri, first convert those data into metres; ridurre in pezzi, to break into pieces; ridurre in polvere, to turn to dust, to pulverize; ridurre qlco. in briciole, to crumble sthg. up

3 ( adattare) to adapt: (cinem.) ridurre per lo schermo, to adapt for the screen; ridurre un testo per le scuole, to adapt (o to simplify) a text for schools

4 (chim.) to reduce: ridurre lo stato di ossidazione di un atomo, to reduce the oxidation state of an atom; ridurre nitrogruppi ad aminogruppi, to reduce nitro groups to amino groups; (metall.) ridurre un minerale di rame a rame metallico, to reduce a copper ore to metallic ore

5 to reduce: (mat.) ridurre una frazione ai minimi termini, to reduce a fraction to its lowest terms

6 (indurre, portare a) to drive*, to reduce; to bring*: ridurre alla disperazione, to drive to despair; ridurre in miseria, al silenzio, to reduce to poverty, to silence; ridurre qlcu. all'obbedienza, to force s.o. to obedience; ridurre in rovina, in fin di vita, to bring to ruin, to the brink of death; fu ridotto a rubare, a mendicare, he was reduced (o driven) to steal, to beg; lo ridurranno alla pazzia, pazzo, they'll drive him mad // la malattia l'ha ridotto male, the illness has left him in a sorry state (o in a bad way); nell'incidente ha ridotto a, in pezzi l'auto, he made a wreck of his car in the accident

7 (un abito ecc.) to take* in (a dress)

8 (frattura ecc.) to set*; to reduce: ridurre una frattura, to set a broken bone

9 (rar.) ( ricondurre) to bring* back, to take* back: ridurre il gregge all'ovile, to bring back the sheep to the fold // ridurre qlcu. alla ragione, to make s.o. see reason.

◘ ridursi v.intr.pron.

1 to reduce oneself, to come* (down): non volevo ridurmi a questo, I didn't want to come to this; si ridusse a vendere i suoi mobili, he was reduced (o driven) to selling his furniture; le spese si riducono a poco, the expenses come (down) to very little; si riduce sempre all'ultimo a fare le valigie, he always leaves it to the last minute to pack; ridurre allo stretto necessario, to confine oneself to what is strictly necessary

2 ( diminuire) to diminish, to decrease; (econ.) ( calcolare) to go* down, to drop: le possibilità di successo si sono ridotte, the possibilities of success have diminished (o decreased); i prezzi si sono ridotti, prices have gone down

3 ( diventare) to be reduced, to become*: si è ridotto a pelle e ossa, he was reduced to (o became) skin and bone (o to a skeleton)

4 ( restringersi) to shrink*: la camicia si è ridotta lavandola, the shirt shrank with washing

5 ( ritirarsi) to retire: si ridusse a vita privata, he retired into private life.

* * *

1. [ri'durre]

1) (gen) Mat to reduce, (prezzo) to reduce, cut, bring down, (pressione) to lessen, (produzione) to cut (back), lower, (spese) to cut down on, cut back on

2) (opera letteraria: per la radio, TV) to adapt, (accorciare) to abridge, (brano musicale) to arrange

3)

1)

2)

* * *

verbo transitivo

1) (diminuire) to reduce, to cut* [imposte, spese, costi, personale]; to reduce [dimensioni, velocità, distanza]; to reduce, to shorten [ durata]; to narrow [ divario]; to reduce, to lessen [rischi, probabilità]; to reduce, to bring* down [ disoccupazione]; to reduce, to limit [scelta, influenza]

2) (nelle dimensioni) to reduce [foto, documento]; to cut*, to abridge [ testo]

3) (trasformare) to reduce (in to)

4) (obbligare)

5) med. to reset* [ osso fratturato]

verbo pronominale ridursi

1) (diminuire) [costi, ritardo] to be* reduced; [rischi, spese, velocità, disoccupazione, livello] to decrease; [ divario] to narrow, to close

2) (limitarsi)

3) (diventare)

••

* * *

ridurre

/ri'durre/ [13]

I verbo transitivo

 1 (diminuire) to reduce, to cut* [imposte, spese, costi, personale]; to reduce [dimensioni, velocità, distanza]; to reduce, to shorten [ durata]; to narrow [ divario]; to reduce, to lessen [rischi, probabilità]; to reduce, to bring* down [ disoccupazione]; to reduce, to limit [scelta, influenza]; ridurre il consumo di alcolici to cut down on alcohol; ridurre l'inflazione dell'1% to cut 1% off inflation; ridurre di un quarto to reduce by a quarter

 2 (nelle dimensioni) to reduce [foto, documento]; to cut*, to abridge [ testo]

 3 (trasformare) to reduce (in to); ridurre qcs. in polvere to reduce o crush sth. to (a) powder; ridurre qcs. a brandelli to tear sth. to ribbons o shreds

 4 (obbligare) ridurre qcn. al silenzio, in miseria to reduce sb. to silence, to begging

 5 med. to reset* [ osso fratturato]

II ridursi verbo pronominale

 1 (diminuire) [costi, ritardo] to be* reduced; [rischi, spese, velocità, disoccupazione, livello] to decrease; [ divario] to narrow, to close

 2 (limitarsi) tutto si riduce al fatto che it all comes down to the fact that

 3 (diventare) la sua voce si ridusse a un sussurro his voice dropped to a whisper; la strada si riduceva a un sentiero the road narrowed to a track

IDIOMS

- rsi all'ultimo (momento) to leave things to the last minute.

SUBJECT AREA: Civil engineering

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The son of Polycarp Roebling, a tobacconist, he studied mathematics at Dr Unger's Pedagogium in Erfurt and went on to the Royal Polytechnic Institute in Berlin, from which he graduated in 1826 with honours in civil engineering. He spent the next three years working for the Prussian government on the construction of roads and bridges. With his brother and a group of friends, he emigrated to the United States, sailing from Bremen on 23 May 1831 and docking in Philadelphia eleven weeks later. They bought 7,000 acres (2,800 hectares) in Butler County, western Pennsylvania, and established a village, at first called Germania but later known as Saxonburg. Roebling gave up trying to establish himself as a farmer and found work for the state of Pennsylvania as Assistant Engineer on the Beaver River canal and others, then surveying a railroad route across the Allegheny Mountains. During his canal work, he noted the failings of the hemp ropes that were in use at that time, and recalled having read of wire ropes in a German journal; he built a rope-walk at his Saxonburg farm, bought a supply of iron wire and trained local labour in the method of wire twisting.

At this time, many canals crossed rivers by means of aqueducts. In 1844, the Pennsylvania Canal aqueduct across the Allegheny River was due to be renewed, having become unsafe. Roebling made proposals which were accepted by the canal company: seven wooden spans of 162 ft (49 m) each were supported on either side by a 7 in. (18 cm) diameter cable, Roebling himself having to devise all the machinery required for the erection. He subsequently built four more suspension aqueducts, one of which was converted to a toll bridge and was still in use a century later.

In 1849 he moved to Trenton, New Jersey, where he set up a new wire rope plant. In 1851 he started the construction (completed in 1855) of an 821 ft (250 m) long suspension railroad bridge across the Niagara River, 245 ft (75 m) above the rapids; each cable consisted of 3,640 wrought iron wires. A lower deck carried road traffic. He also constructed a bridge across the Ohio River between Cincinnati and Covington, a task which was much protracted due to the Civil War; this bridge was finally completed in 1866.

Roebling's crowning achievement was to have been the design and construction of the bridge over the Hudson River between Brooklyn and Staten Island, New York, but he did not live to see its completion. It had a span of 1,595 ft (486 m), designed to bear a load of 18,700 tons (19,000 tonnes) with a headroom of 135 ft (41 m). The work of building had barely started when, at the Brooklyn wharf, a boat crushed Roebling's foot against the timbering and he died of tetanus three weeks later. His son, Washington Augustus Roebling, then took charge of this great work.

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   Located off the main square in the town of Sintra, the National Palace is one of the country's oldest royal residences. Together with its rich mixture of architectural styles from different eras and cultures, the National Palace's long history of being the place where monarchs and councils made historic decisions makes the site today an especially appealing tourist attraction. With its origins in a 14th-century Gothic palace of the era of King Dinis (r. 1279-1325), this monument was added onto and altered in the course of the 15th century. It was in this palace that King João I made the vital decision in 1415 to send an expedition to capture Ceuta in Morocco, the beginning of Portugal's overseas empire. The most important additions to the palace, however, came between 1505 and 1520 under King Manuel I, and the Manueline architectural style was added to the original Gothic. The two massive Gothic kitchen chimneys from an earlier era were incorporated and not changed. Into the Manueline style was blended a strong Moorish art element including decorative tiles or azulejos and an adapted interior mosque, which was converted into a chapel. The National Palace contains the largest repository of the oldest azulejos, some dating to the 15th century, of any palace in Portugal. Among the unusual rooms must be counted the council room (with an ocean view), the Swan Room, and the Magpie Room, with rare, painted ceilings.

1. \Р-109 чего, какие. Also: ПЕРЕХОДИТЬ/ПЕРЕЙТИ НА РЕЛЬСЫ all media ( subj: usu. collect (завод, страна, промышленность, экономика etc)) (of a factory, a country, an industry, the economy etc) to start moving along a specific course (of development)

X стал на рельсы Y-a = X set out on the (a) path of Y

X стал на AdjP рельсы = X set out on a AdjP path

- taking a AdjP line (approach etc)

2. obs (subj: human, collect, or abstr

X ещё не стал на рельсы = X hasn't taken off yet

• СТАНОВИТЬСЯ/СТАТЬ НА РЕЛЬСЫ

[VP]

=====

1. перейти на рельсы чего, какие. Also: ПЕРЕХОДИТЬ/ПЕРЕЙТИ НА РЕЛЬСЫ all media [subj: usu. collect (завод, страна, промышленность, экономика etc)]

⇒ (of a factory, a country, an industry, the economy etc) to start moving along a specific course (of development):

- X стал на рельсы Y-a ≈ X set out on the (a) path of Y;

- X started heading toward (in the direction of) Y;

|| X стал на[AdjP] рельсы≈ X set out on a [AdjP] path;

- X started heading in a [AdjP] direction;

- X was converted to a [AdjP] system (footing);

- X took a [AdjP] line;

- X switched over to a [AdjP] footing,

     ♦ "Наверху готовятся большие перемены... Имеется в виду переход на более демократические рельсы, уступка общей законности, и это дело самого недалекого будущего" (Пастернак 1). "Big changes are being planned at the top...What they have in mind is to take a more democratic line, make a concession to legality, and this will come about quite soon" (1a).

     ♦ На дворе лейтенант Филиппов занимался с личным составом строевой подготовкой... В обычное время на строевую подготовку времени никак не хватало. Всегда было слишком много работы. А тут в короткий период перехода на военные рельсы выдался свободный денек (Войнович 2). Down in the courtyard Lieutenant Filippov was busy drilling the staff....In normal times there was never enough time for drill. There was always too much work to do But now, in this short period of transition when they were switching over to a wartime footing, a free day had turned up (2a)

2. obs [subj: human, collect, or abstr; often neg]

⇒ to reach a stage when one progresses or sth. develops at a fast pace and unimpeded:

- X ещё не стал на рельсы≈ X hasn't taken off yet;

- X isn't in (high) gear yet.

• СТАНОВИТЬСЯ/СТАТЬ НА РЕЛЬСЫ

[VP]

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1. переходить на рельсы чего, какие. Also: ПЕРЕХОДИТЬ/ПЕРЕЙТИ НА РЕЛЬСЫ all media [subj: usu. collect (завод, страна, промышленность, экономика etc)]

⇒ (of a factory, a country, an industry, the economy etc) to start moving along a specific course (of development):

- X стал на рельсы Y-a ≈ X set out on the (a) path of Y;

- X started heading toward (in the direction of) Y;

|| X стал на[AdjP] рельсы≈ X set out on a [AdjP] path;

- X started heading in a [AdjP] direction;

- X was converted to a [AdjP] system (footing);

- X took a [AdjP] line;

- X switched over to a [AdjP] footing,

     ♦ "Наверху готовятся большие перемены... Имеется в виду переход на более демократические рельсы, уступка общей законности, и это дело самого недалекого будущего" (Пастернак 1). "Big changes are being planned at the top...What they have in mind is to take a more democratic line, make a concession to legality, and this will come about quite soon" (1a).

     ♦ На дворе лейтенант Филиппов занимался с личным составом строевой подготовкой... В обычное время на строевую подготовку времени никак не хватало. Всегда было слишком много работы. А тут в короткий период перехода на военные рельсы выдался свободный денек (Войнович 2). Down in the courtyard Lieutenant Filippov was busy drilling the staff....In normal times there was never enough time for drill. There was always too much work to do But now, in this short period of transition when they were switching over to a wartime footing, a free day had turned up (2a)

2. obs [subj: human, collect, or abstr; often neg]

⇒ to reach a stage when one progresses or sth. develops at a fast pace and unimpeded:

- X ещё не стал на рельсы≈ X hasn't taken off yet;

- X isn't in (high) gear yet.